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Marie-Thérèse of France
Queen consort of France and of Navarre
Marie-Thérèse in 1827
Consort
August 2,
1830 for 20 minutes
Consort to
Louis XIXDetailTitles and styles
HM Queen Marie-Thérèse-CharlotteHM The QueenHRH The Dauphine of FranceHRH The Duchess of AngoulêmeHRH Madame Royale
Royal houseHouse of BourbonFather
Louis XVI of FranceMother
Marie AntoinetteBorn
December 19, 1778(1778-12-19)
Château de Versailles,
FranceDied
October 19, 1851 (aged 72)Frohsdorf,
AustriaMarie-Thérèse-Charlotte of France (
19 December 1778 –
19 October 1851) was the eldest child of King
Louis XVI of France and his wife, Queen
Marie Antoinette. As the daughter of the king, she was a
Fille de France. Until her marriage to the eldest son of
Charles X, the court referred to her by the traditional honorific of
Madame Royale.
Once married, she assumed her husband's title and was known as the
duchesse d'Angoulême. She became the
Dauphine of France upon the accession of her father-in-law to the throne of France in 1824. She was
Queen of France for twenty minutes, in 1830, between the time her father-in-law signed the instrument of abdication and the time her husband, reluctantly, signed the same document, twenty minutes later.
BirthMarie-Thérèse was the first child and eldest daughter of King
Louis XVI of France and his wife, Queen
Marie Antoinette. Although people throughout France had been praying for the birth of a male child since the marriage of the royal couple in 1770, the queen greeted her daughter's birth with delight:
Poor little thing; you are not what they wanted, but we will love you nonetheless. A son would have belonged to the State; 'you' shall be mine, and have all my care; you shall share in my happiness and soften my sorrows
she said as they placed the baby in her arms. The baby princess was named after the queen's mother, the Holy Roman Empress
Maria Theresa. As the eldest daughter of the French king, she was officially known as
Madame Royale.
Life at Versailles
Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte with her mother,
Marie Antoinette, and brother at
Versailles.
Madame Royale's household was headed by her governess, the
princesse de Guémenée, who was later replaced by one of the queen's closest friends, the
duchesse de Polignac. King
Louis XVI was an affectionate father, who delighted in spoiling his daughter and giving her anything she wanted. Marie-Thérèse appreciated him much more than her mother. Marie Antoinette was stricter and was determined that her daughter should not grow up to be as haughty as her husband's unmarried aunts. She often invited children from working-class districts to come and dine with Marie-Thérèse and encouraged the child to give her toys to the poor.
In contrast to her image as a materialistic queen who ignored the plight of the poor, Marie Antoinette at various times attempted to teach her daughter about the sufferings of others. On New Year's Day in 1784, she had some beautiful toys brought to Marie-Thérèse's nursery.
I should have liked to have given you all these as New Year's gifts, the queen said, but the winter is very hard, there is a crowd of unhappy people who have no bread to eat, no clothes to wear, no wood to make a fire. I have given them all my money; I have none left to buy you presents, so there will be none this year.
Marie-Thérèse of France as a young refugee in
Vienna in 1795 soon after her departure from Revolutionary France.
Marie-Thérèse was joined in the nursery by two brothers,
Louis-Joseph-Xavier-François in 1781 and
Louis-Charles in 1785, and a younger sister,
Sophie-Hélène-Béatrix in 1786.
[
edit] Life during the Revolution
As Marie-Thérèse grew, the
French Revolution was building outside the palace. Social discontent mixed with a crippling budget deficit provoked an outburst of anti-absolutist sentiment. By 1789, France was hurtling toward revolt as the result of bankruptcy brought on by the country's support of the
American Revolution and high food prices due to drought, all of which was exacerbated by propagandists whose central object of scorn and ridicule was
Queen Marie Antoinette.
As the attacks upon the Queen grew ever more vicious, the popularity of the monarchy plummeted. Inside
Versailles, court jealousies and
xenophobia were the principle causes of resentment and anger towards the Queen. Her unpopularity with certain powerful members of the court, including the
Duke of Orléans, led to the printing and distribution of scurrilous pamphlets which accused the Queen of a range of sexual depravities as well as of spending the country into financial ruin. While it is now generally agreed that the Queen's actions did little to provoke such animosity, the damage these papers inflicted upon the monarchy proved to be a catalyst for the upheaval to come.
The worsening political situation however had little effect on Marie-Thérèse. A more immediate tragedy struck when her younger sister, Sophie, died in 1787. This was to be followed not long after by the Dauphin, Louis-Joseph's death from
consumption at the height of the political crisis in early 1789.
Move to the TuileriesWith the
Bastille was stormed by an angry mob on July 14, 1789 the situation became more critical. The young Madame Royale's life began to be personally affected as several members of the royal household were sent abroad for their own safety. Marie-Thérèse's uncle, the
Comte d'Artois, was sent abroad on the orders of
Louis XVI. Due to her mother's particularly low esteem, those associated with her were also deemed in danger. This included Marie-Thérèse's governess, the
Duchess de Polignac, who fled to
Switzerland to escape possible assassination.
The Duchess de Polignac was replaced by the stern
marquise de Tourzel. The marquise's daughter, Pauline, would become a life-long friend of the Princess.
In October of 1789,
the palace was besieged by a hungry mob who were intent on acquiring food they falsely believed to be stored at Versailles and possibly murdering the Queen. While the Royal Family was not harmed, the mob assaulted the palace and demanded the King return to Paris. Outnumbered, unsure of the army's loyalty and aware of the potentially violent results of refusal, Louis XVI capitulated. Marie-Thérèse and her family were taken to the
Tuileries Palace where they were placed under virtual house arrest.
The Orphan in the TempleAs the political situation deteriorated, the king and queen came to the decision that their lives were in danger. The queen was also convinced that France's future lay in the royal family escaping Paris and its revolutionary atmosphere. They hoped to make it to the northeastern fortress of
Montmédy, which was a royalist stronghold. Their
attempted flight away from the city was intercepted in
Varennes where they were arrested and escorted back to Paris.
The Temple
In August 1792, the entire family was imprisoned in the
Temple Fortress after the monarchy was abolished. In January 1793, Marie-Thérèse's father,
Louis XVI, was sent to the
guillotine. Father and daughter had always been very close, and his death devastated the surviving family.
The following July, guards entered the royal family's rooms and took away Marie-Thérèse's young brother, the future
Louis XVII. The three women left in the fortress were Marie Antoinette, Marie-Thérèse and Louis XVI's youngest sister,
Madame Élisabeth. Of these three, only Marie-Thérèse survived the
Reign of Terror.
Marie Antoinette's deathIn October 1793, Marie Antoinette was taken to the
Conciergerie Prison and accused of treason, incest with her son and other perversions. While there was no evidence to support the latter charges, it was well known that the former queen engaged in extensive covert correspondence with foreign powers during the Revolution. Regardless, it was a foregone conclusion that she would be declared guilty. She was executed by
Charles Henri Sanson, the former royal executioner, on
16 October. In May 1794, Marie-Thérèse's aunt Élisabeth was taken from her in the middle of the night, and executed the following day.
During the remainder of her imprisonment in the tower of the Temple, Marie-Thérèse was never told what had happened to her family. All she knew was that her father was dead, and she felt alone in the world. The following words are scratched on the wall of her room in the tower: "Marie-Thérèse is the most unhappy creature in the world. She can obtain no news of her mother; nor be reunited to her, though she has asked it a thousand times." "Live, my good mother! whom I love well, but of whom I can hear no tidings." "O my father! watch over me from heaven above, life was so cruel to her." "O my God! forgive those who have made my family die."
On the 11th of May
Maximilien Robespierre visited Marie-Thérèse in prison, but there is no record of the conversation. It was only once the
Reign of Terror subsided that Marie-Thérèse was allowed to leave
France. She was taken to
Vienna, the capital city of her cousin, the Holy Roman Emperor
Francis II.
Life as an émigrée
Marie-Thérèse later left
Vienna and moved to
Mitau,
Courland (now
Jelgava, Latvia), where her father's eldest surviving brother, the
comte de Provence, lived as a guest of Tsar
Paul I of Russia. He had proclaimed himself King of France as
Louis XVIII after the death of Marie-Thérèse's brother. With no children of his own, he wished his niece to marry
Louis-Antoine, duc d'Angoulême, his nephew and her cousin, who would be the eventual dynastic heir to the throne of France. Marie-Thérèse agreed unquestioningly, happy only to be part of a family again.
Louis-Antoine was a shy, stammering, diffident young man. His father, the
comte d'Artois, who viewed his eldest son as a crass embarrassment, tried to persuade Louis XVIII against the marriage. The wedding, however, went ahead in 1799. The couple had no children.
In England
The royal family moved to
Great Britain, where they settled in
Buckinghamshire. Marie-Thérèse's uncle and father-in-law, the
comte d'Artois, spent most of his time in
Edinburgh, where he had been given apartments at
Holyrood House. The long years of exile ended with the abdication of
Napoleon I in 1814, when the royal family was restored to the French throne.
The Bourbon RestorationLouis XVIII attempted to steer a middle-course between liberals and the
Ultra-royalists led by his younger brother, the
comte d'Artois. He also attempted to suppress the many gentlemen who claimed to be Marie-Thérèse's long-lost younger brother,
Louis XVII. Needless to say, these claimants caused the princess a good deal of emotional distress.
Marie-Thérèse found her return emotionally draining and she was deeply distrustful of the many Frenchmen who had supported either the republic or
Napoleon I of France's rule. She visited the site where her brother had died, and the cemetery where her parents and aunt
Madame Élisabeth were buried. The royal remains were re-buried in
Saint-Denis Basilica, the royal necropolis of France, in January 1815.
1815
In March 1815 Napoléon returned to France and rapidly began to gain supporters and raised an army, in the period known as the
One Hundred Days. Louis XVIII fled France, but Marie-Thérèse, who was in
Bordeaux at the time, attempted to rally the local troops. The troops agreed to defend her but not to cause a civil war with Napoléon's troops. Marie Thérèse stayed in Bordeaux despite Napoléon's orders for her to be arrested when his army arrived. Believing her cause was lost and to spare Bordeaux senseless destruction, she finally agreed to flee. Her actions caused Napoléon to remark that she was the "only man in her family."
After Napoléon was defeated at
Waterloo on 18 June 1815, the
House of Bourbon was restored for a second time.
Tragedy struck when the comte d'Artois' younger son, the
duc de Berry, was assassinated by the anti-Bourbon Pierre Louvel, a saddler, on
13 February 1820. Although his father never recovered from the loss, the royal family was cheered when the
duchesse de Berry was discovered to have become pregnant by her husband prior to his death. The pregnancy resulted in the birth of
Henri, duc de Bordeaux, the so-called "Miracle Child", who later as the Bourbon pretender to the French throne assumed the title of comte de Chambord.
Madame la Dauphine
Profile of Madame RoyaleLouis XVIII died on
16 September 1824 and was succeeded by his younger brother, the comte d'Artois, as Charles X. Marie-Thérèse's husband, Louis-Antoine, was now heir to the throne, and she was addressed as
Madame la Dauphine. However, anti-monarchist feeling was on the rise again. Charles's
ultra-royalist sympathies alienated many members of the working and middle-class.
There was an uprising in 1830 in which the royal family was betrayed by their cousin,
Louis-Philippe, duc d'Orléans, who implied to the
Chambre des Députés that Charles had abdicated absolutely when he had in fact nominated his grandson, the duc de Bordeaux, to be the new king. The abdication of Charles X was followed twenty minutes later by the abdication of Louis-Antoine. This deception worked, and Louis-Philippe became king.
Marie-Thérèse chose to go into exile with her uncle and husband rather than stay in a France ruled by Louis-Philippe. They sailed to
Britain in 1830.
Final exile
The royal family lived in
Edinburgh until 1833 when the former king chose to move to
Prague as a guest of Marie-Thérèse's cousin, the Emperor
Francis II of Austria. They moved into the opulent luxury of Schloss-Hradschin. Later, the royal family left
Prague and moved to the estate of Count Coronini near
Gorizia,
Italy. Marie-Thérèse devotedly nursed her uncle through his last illness there in 1836, when he died of
cholera.
Marie-Thérèse's husband died in 1844, and he was buried next to his father. Marie-Thérèse then moved to the castle of
Frohsdorf, just outside of
Vienna. She spent her days there walking, reading, praying and sewing. Her nephew, who now styled himself as the
comte de Chambord, and his sister joined her there. In 1848 France became a republic, after Louis-Philippe's reign ended in another revolution.
Death
Marie-Thérèse died of
pneumonia on
19 October 1851. It was three days after the fifty-eighth anniversary of the execution of her mother,
Marie Antoinette.
Thank all Frenchmen who have remained attached to my family and to me, for the proofs of devotion that they have given us and for the sufferings they have endured for our sakes. I pray God to shower his blessings upon France that I have always loved, even in the time of my bitterest afflictions
After Death
Like her deceased uncle, Marie-Thérèse had remained a devout and sincere
Roman Catholic. She was buried in the Bourbon family crypt in the Franciscan monastery of Castagnavizza in
Gorizia,
Italy (now on the
Slovenian side of the border in
Nova Gorica), with her father-in-law, King
Charles X and her husband,
Louis-Antoine.
Later, her nephew, the
comte de Chambord, the last male of the senior line of French Bourbons; his wife, the comtesse de Chambord (formerly the Archduchess Marie-Thérèse of Austria-Este, daughter of Duke
Francis IV of
Modena and his wife, Princess
Maria Beatrice of Savoy); and the comte's only sister,
Louise, Duchess of Parma were also buried there. Another occupant of the crypt is the famous antiquarian, the
duc de Blacas, who was allowed to be buried there in honor of his dutiful years of service as a minister to Kings Louis XVIII and Charles X.
Marie-Thérèse is described on her gravestone as the Queen Dowager of France, a reference to her husband's twenty-minute rule as King
Louis XIX of France.
In fiction
Marie-Thérèse has appeared in several motion picture adaptations, mainly to do with her mother's life.
In 1938 she was played by Marilyn Knowlden in Marie-Antoinette, opposite
Norma Shearer as the queen.
In 1975, in the French television drama Marie-Antoinette, Marie-Thérèse was played by Anne-Laura Meury.
In 1989 she was played by Katherine Flynn in The French Revolution. Katherine's on-screen mother, Marie Antoinette, was played by her real mother,
Jane Seymour.
In 2001, Marie-Thérèse's character appeared briefly in the costume-drama The Affair of the Necklace opposite
Joely Richardson as Queen
Marie Antoinette.
In 2006,
Marie Antoinette, directed by
Sofia Coppola was released. Marie-Thérèse was played by two different actresses. At age two, she was played by Lauriane Mascaro, and at age six she was played by Florrie Betts.
Kirsten Dunst starred as her mother, Marie Antoinette.
Recently, Marie-Thérèse's character appeared in a
Northern Irish play on the mystery of
Louis XVII. The characters of
Louis XVII,
Charles X and the princess's governess
Louise-Élisabeth de Tourzel also appeared. The monarchist author of the play, All Those Who Suffered, explains his inspiration at
http://www.royaltymonarchy.com/opinion/articles/russell.htmlMarie-Thérèse's life provided inspiration for the novel Madame Royale by
Elena Maria Vidal. It was a sequel to Vidal's novel Trianon, which looked at
Versailles before the Revolution.
More recently, author Sharon Stewart wrote a historical fiction novel based on the writings of Marie-Thérèse, The Journal of Madame Royale. She first titled her book The Dark Tower, since part of it takes place in the Tower where the princess and her family were kept, but after it became part of a series called "Beneath the Crown", the title was changed to The Princess in the Tower.